Chemical Bonding And Catalysis For Chemistry And Chemistry MCQ Material And Quiz With Solution For Diploma

• Orbit
• Orbital
• Concept of atom
• Theory of valency bond
• Chemical bond
• Ionic bond or Electrovalent bond
• Co-Valent bond
• Co-Ordinate covalent bond
• Hydrogen bond
• Metalic bond
• How to arrang of atom in metal
• Intermolecular force of attraction
• Catalysis

What are chemical bonding

 

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orbit

electron revolve around the nucleus in fixed circular path is called orbit

orbital

the three dimensional region around the nucleus where the probability of finding the electron is maximum is called orbital

concept of atom

in any orbit no of electron present equal to `2n^2`
in any orbit no of orbital present equal `n^2`
according to pauli any orbital maximum 2 electron Accommodate

Theory of valency bond

what is valency?

the valancy of element is defined as the number of electron required to archive stable configuration like nearest inert gas present in the periodic table by gaining or losing electron from its outer orbit or number of unpair electron present in its OuterMost orbit
example
one chlorin attach with one hydrogen atom hence it has one valence electron

kossel and lewis in 1916 have put forward the first definite hypothesis of valancey based on electronic concept of atom and is known as electronic theory of valency according to the electronic theory of valancy

important factors of valence
the valency of an element depend upon the no of electron in the outermost orbit this is called valence electron
atom of an elements with eight or two-electron in their valence orbit are stable
the element/atom which having table configuration like near inert gases never take part in chemical reaction or bond formation
all the atom having an unstable /incomplete outer orbit have a tendency to take part in chemical combinations so that they may also acquire a stable inert gas configuration with eight or dublet(two)

inert gases in periodic table

period	name of element	symbole	atomic num
1	helium	he	2
2	neon	ne	10
3	argon	ar	18
4	krypton	kr	36
5	xenon	xe	54
6	radon	rn	86

chemical bond

when chemical bond is formed

when two or more atoms are combine to gather to form a molecule is called chemical bond

type of chemical bond
1. ionic/electro valent bond
2. co-valent bond
3. co-ordinate co-valent bond
4. metallic bond
5. hydrogen bond

ionic bond or Electrovalent bond?

explain theory ionic bond is formed due to transfer of electron between two atoms of molecul is called ionic bond the bond is formed between positive and negative charge of Different element
let us take the example of NaCl in which ionic bond is formed
in naCl "na" atom is transfer on eelectron "cl" atom and na become `na^+` and cl being `cl^-` ion
"na" having 10w ionization energy value so it can release electron easily
while chlorine atom having higher electron astinity so it can easily accept electron

characteristics of ionic bond

ionic compound are crystalline solid the are hard and brittle
these compound are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvent
melting point and boiling points of these compound are higher
the are poor conductors of heat

key points and summary for Electrovalent bond
• transfer of electron
• metal + non metal
• for example naCl,

co-valent bond

there is two type of covalent bond 1)non-polar covalent bond
2)polar covalent bond

covalent bond is forme due to sharing of electron equally among the atom of molecule
the sharing electron contribute the towards of the both the atom the compound formed as result of covalenccy are called covalent compound /non-polar compound as electron pairs are shared equally by the atom
molicul like `h_2, cl_2, o_2, n_2, h_2o, nh_3, ch_4,` have a covalent bond
if the covalent bond is formed by sharing of one pair of electron is called single bond
two pair of electron shared is called double bond
for example

1)non-polar co-valent bond
when two same atoms are involved in the bond formation and both are sharing equal number of electrons then such type of bond formed id called non polar covalent bond. `h_2, n_2,o_2, and cl_2,` are the examples of non polar covalent bonds.
2)polor covalent bond when two different atom are Innovate in the bond formation and both are sharing equal number of electron and forme covalent bond such type of bonds is called polar covalent bond
in the pair of electrons is Attracted tword highly electron negative atom and it away from +ve (positive) atom

characteristic of covalent bond covalent compounds usually found in liquid/gases
they are in soluble in water
melting sand boiling point are those compound are low
they are generally soft, volatile, and fusible

co-ordinate covalent bond

the covalent bond in which both the shared electrons are contributed by a single atom only while the other atoms accept thair sharing without the contribution of electron thus co-ordinate valency involve one side sharing of electron
represent with x arrow
x losing electrons and become a donor
y gain an electron and become an accepter
example

hydrogen bond

Hydrogen bond is formed between highly electron nagative. Atoms like [N, O, Cl, F, Br, I, etc.] and attached with covalently bonded hydrogen.
Hydrogen atom by simple chemical bond.
Hydrogen bond is represent by dotage line.....
This Hyper of bond are called hydrogen bond.

There are two types of Hydrogen bond.

1)Intermolecular hydrogen bond
2)Intramolecular hydrogen bond

1)Intermolecular hydrogen bond
this type of bond is formed between two different molecular hydrogen bond
example
2)intramolecular hydrogen bond
intra molecular hydrogen bond is formed within the same molecule of substance

significant of hydrogen bond

due to hydrogen bond water exist on the earth
effectiveness of drugs(mediciens) is due to hydrogen bond
strength of cement and concrete is also due to hydrogen bond
water accumulate in cell of animals and plants due to hydrogen bond
intermolecular hydrogen bond formed in perotein present in humman,make muscles flexible and active

Metalic Bond

this type of bond is formed due to strong intermolecular force of attrection between two neighbouring atom present in the metalic body
metalic crystal lattice consist of positive ion permeated by aclouod of valency
the binding force of attrsction between positive ion of atm and electron cloud
in other word metalic bond formed between similar aotms of metal
all the valency electron are free to move throughout the crystal lattice
so giving raise to heigh electron conductivity to metals

chracteristic of metalic bond

the are good conductor of heat and electricity
they are opaque
they have a heigh melting points

how to arrang of atom in metal

arreangment os atom is fixed in matallic element with are mainly of three types
1. fcc(face centered cubic)
2. bcc(body centered cubic)
3. hcp(hexagonal close packed)

explain arrangement of atom in metallic element

1)F.C.C( face centered cubic):

shown figure atoms are situated aat eaach corner and the center of each of the faces. fcc latice total consist of 14 atom
example:al, ni, ag, cu, au

2) B.C.C(body centered cubic):

showen figur atoms are situated at each corner and the one atom at the center of the cube.all bcc lattice consist of total nine atoms .
example fe, v, nb, cr

3) H.C.P (hexagonal closde packed):

shown figur atoms are situated at each corner of hexagon and also situated at the center of faces.
example:-ti, zn, mg, cd

intermolecular force of attraction

force of attration between the molicule ehwn they are close to one another is known as vander walls force of attraction
following force are presenting on strength of vander walls attraction force

catalysis

a substance which change the ratio of reaction without chemically changed at the end of reaction is known as catalyst is used id cslled cstalysis
1) homogeneous catalysis
2) hetrolysis catalysis

explaination
1) homogeneous catalysis
in these catalysis reaction reactants and catalysis both are in some phase (physical state)
`\schemestart so_2 + 1/2 0_2 \arrow{->} so_3 + [no]\schemestop\par % by default`

hetrolysis catalysis
in these reaction catalyst and reactants both are in diffrent physical state is called hetrogenous catalysis
`so_2 + 1/2o_2 arrow so_3 + [pt]`

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